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Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with impaired growth and skeletal maturation. Decreased fat-free mass (FFM) and body fat (BF) have been reported in Nigerian children with SCD relative to healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Pulmonary abnormalities, including reduced forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and total lung capacity (TLC), have also been described in children with SCD. Since undernutrition is common in sub-Saharan Africa, we were interested in knowing the relationship between pulmonary function and body composition in Nigerian children and young adults with SCD. Body composition was determined using bioelectrical impedance and pulmonary function was assessed by spirometry in Nigerian children and young adults aged 7–35 years (n = 102) as well as healthy age-and gender-matched controls (n = 104). Age-adjusted data revealed 19–26% lower FFM for male (P

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Coverage of the National Vitamin A Supplementation Program in Ethiopia
Periodic vitamin A supplementation is a major intervention to reduce morbidity, mortality, and blindness among children in developing countries. The goal was to characterize the coverage of the Ethiopia national vitamin A program among preschool children and to identify risk factors for not receiving vitamin A. In the Ethiopia Demographic and health Survey of 2005, among 4762 preschool children, aged 12–59 months, 46.8% received a vitamin A capsule within the last 6 months. There were no significant differences in stunting, underweight, or wasting between children who did or did not receive a vitamin A capsule. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, maternal education of ≥10 years [odds ratio (OR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23–2.92], 7–9 years (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.67–3.65), 4–6 years (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.18–2.07), and 1–3 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.90–1.37), and paternal education of ≥10 years (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.14–2.29), 7–9 years (OR 1.24, 95% CI 0.94–1.64), 4–6 years (OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.03–1.56), and 1–3 years (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05–1.50) were associated with the child receiving a vitamin A capsule compared with no years of formal parental education. Expanded coverage of the national vitamin A capsule program may help protect children from nutritional blindness and to help reach Millennium goals for reducing under-five child mortality in Ethiopia.

Norovirus and Sapovirus Infections among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Ho Chi Minh City during 2005-2006
A molecular epidemiological study on common diarrheal viruses was conducted in a children’s hospital in Ho Chi Minh City between December 2005 and November 2006. Fecal samples were collected from 502 pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis, and were screened for the presence of norovirus (NoV) and sapovirus (SaV). NoVs GII and SaVs were detected in 6.4% and 1.2% specimens, respectively, while there was no NoV GI found among studied samples. NoVs could be identified through the year, except in April and July, with the peak of detection rate (62.5%) during the rainy season. Conversely, four out of six (66.7%) of the SaV strains were identified during the dry season. Patients aged between 6 and 23 months were found to be more infected by NoVs. The overall mean severity score of norovirus-positive patients was 9.8 3.6, and no significant difference of severity scores among patients belonged to different age groups, gender and place of living. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed the diversity of caliciviruses circulating in the area, and various types of recombination were identified among NoVs and SaVs detected. These results provide important information on calicivirus infections among Vietnamese children.

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